In a world where looks and appearance are often overemphasized — especially on social media, in advertising, and in pop culture — it’s easy to see why people might feel self-conscious about their appearance. But for some, these concerns go far beyond typical insecurities. Body dysmorphia, or body dysmorphic disorder (BDD), is a mental health condition that causes hyperfixation on perceived body flaws or defects in appearance.

While these flaws are often minor or even non-existent, a person with BDD may spend hours each day thinking about these perceived imperfections. This can lead to severe emotional distress and even impact daily functioning, such as at work, school, or in social gatherings. Let’s examine the origins of body dysmorphia, common symptoms, and what treatments are available to help. 

Causes and Risk Factors of Body Dysmorphia

The exact cause of BDD is not fully understood, but it is believed to result from a combination of factors, including: 

Complex Origins

Pinpointing the exact cause of body dysmorphic disorder can be tricky. Much like other mental health conditions, body dysmorphia is thought to arise from a complex mix of influences. Genetic factors play a role, especially if there’s a family history of the disorder or related conditions like obsessive-compulsive disorder. Environmental experiences, such as childhood bullying, abuse, or trauma, can also leave lasting impacts. Moreover, neurobiological factors might contribute, with abnormal levels of serotonin in the brain being a potential influencer.

Influencing Factors

Certain traits and experiences can ramp up the risk of developing body dysmorphia. For example, perfectionism can often contribute to the disorder. Additionally, societal pressures around beauty norms can amplify self-consciousness, making individuals more vulnerable. Those who face mental health challenges such as anxiety or depression may also find themselves at a heightened risk.

Potential Complications

The ripple effects of body dysmorphic disorder can be far-reaching. It might lead to low self-esteem and social isolation, making everyday interactions challenging. Furthermore, it can trigger major depression or other mood disorders, and in severe cases, lead to suicidal thoughts or behavior. Anxiety disorders, including social phobia, might emerge, complicating one’s mental health landscape even further.

Symptoms of Body Dysmorphia

BDD causes someone to fixate on a perceived flaw that others may not even notice. This perceived defect can lead to feelings of unattractiveness or even deformity.

Compulsive Behaviors

For some, BDD can lead to repetitive activities, such as mirror checking or skin picking, all in an attempt to fix or hide the flaw. It’s also common for those with BDD to believe that cosmetic surgery can fix the flaw, but this only leads to short-term (if any) relief.

Social and Emotional Impact

BDD can cause avoidance of social situations, a fear of judgment, or a frequent need for reassurance about one’s appearance. These thoughts and behaviors can become overwhelming, leading to distress in work, school, or relationships.

Treatment Options for Dysmorphia

Even if the exact cause of BDD is unknown, a therapist specializing in body dysmorphia can help you to learn to better manage the emotional distress of your thoughts, regaining power and control over your life.

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) is a powerful tool used to combat BDD. CBT helps to identify and challenge unrealistic thoughts and judgments about yourself. In CBT, you will begin to see the connection between your thoughts, feelings, and behaviors associated with BDD. Your therapist will help you to challenge unhelpful thinking patterns and focus on more balanced, realistic thoughts about your body and appearance.

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP)

Exposure and Response Prevention (ERP) helps change the way a person interacts with their fears. This is achieved through slow and gradual exposures, in which a person learns to sit with their anxiety and see that their anxiety subsides even without the use of compulsions. This approach decreases avoidance, which is known to reinforce the cycle of anxiety and contribute to increased anxiety over time. 

Are you worried that you or someone you care about is struggling with symptoms of body dysmorphia? At The OCD & Anxiety Center, a therapist specializing in body dysmorphia can help you find the right treatment to addressing your fears. Our therapists are trained in utilizing these treatment approaches to help you on your healing journey. To address further concerns or schedule an appointment, please call us at (630) 522-3124 or email us at info@theocdandanxietycenter.com.